Frederick Douglas A Man And Slave Woman - 1159 Words

Frederick Douglas: Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey was born in February 1818 on the eastern shore of Maryland whose parent were a white man and slave woman by the name of Harriet Bailey. He was name after his mother, Harriet Bailey, but he only saw her a couple of times. At the age eight or nine he was sent to live with family of his slave owner’s in Baltimore, Maryland. By the age of fifteen, Frederick was literate. Around this same time, he went back to his owner to work as a field hand. Disguised as a sailor with a friend’s passport on September 3, 1838, three years after his return to the eastern shore, he got on train from Baltimore and went to New York City where he said I a free man. To avoid being recaptured he changed his name to Frederick Douglass. He went to Massachusetts and spoke about his experiences with slavery and how the country needs to get rid of it. He was soon traveling across the north speaking against slavery. To prove that he was a real fugitive slave he wro te his first autobiography The Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass (1845). In the autobiography, he revealed his original name, his owner’s name, and where he was born, which put Douglass in danger of being returned back into slavery. So he had to flee again and this time he went overseas where he continued to speak against slavery. The British supporters were captivated with his story and they purchased his freedom. Two years after having his freedom purchased, Douglas came back toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas718 Words   |  3 PagesLife of Frederick Douglas Frederick Douglas, a slave born in Tuckahoe Maryland, was half white and half black. His mother was a black woman and his father a white man. Though he never knew his father, there was word that it was his master. Douglas wrote this narrative and I felt that it was very compelling. It really showed me the trials and tribulations that a black man went through during times of slavery. In his early years, Douglas lived on a farm where he watched many slaves receiveRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass gives readers a  detailed  overview  of the life of a slave who share his own personal  experiences and struggles from a slave to a freeman.   Frederick Douglass was born in Talbot county, Maryland. He was the son of Harriet Bailey and his father was a white man   (Douglass 1). After living with his master for nine months, Frederick was sent to stay with Mr. Covey, a man who is known for â€Å"breaking down young slaves† (Douglass 34). But while he was at Mr Covey’sRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglas An American Slave1450 Words   |  6 PagesNarrative of the life of Frederick Douglas an American slave, is showing a highway map, displaying the road to how the slavery went to freedom. Douglas at the opening of the book was a slave in b oth his body and mind. Then at the end good things happened to him, he gets legal freedom and frees his mind. The events in the book are good points in Frederick’s life, in the book it explains how he get there, and what he had to do and learn along the road. Where it first starts is Douglas realizes what slaveryRead MoreThe Declaration Of The Rights Of Man And Citizen By Frederick Douglas And The Important Men1298 Words   |  6 PagesRights of Man and Citizen was written, this caused a wave of revolution. This Declaration had an impact on populations such as Haiti, but also had a major impact on countless other slave populations. For the basis of slavery, we read through Abina and the Important men and saw how different characters in the story defined the term slavery. Another view came from a former slave Frederick Douglas who was a leading abolitionist. For this paper, I will be comparing a document from Frederick Douglas and theRead MoreThe New Land Of America Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagespositions. According to the professor of history at South Carolina State University, Doctor Stanley Harrold, â€Å"The Atlantic slave trade began in Africa in the mid-1400s and lasted into the 19th century. Initially, Portuguese traders purchas ed small numbers of slaves from kingdoms on the western coast of Africa and transported them for sale in Portugal and Spain. The Atlantic slave trade did not become a huge enterprise until after European nations began colonizing the Americas during the 1500s. DuringRead MoreFrederick Douglas And Henry David Thoreau950 Words   |  4 PagesFrederick Douglas and Henry David Thoreau The life and works of Henry David Thoreau and Frederick Douglass’ has had a lasting impact in the literary field since there work is studied now in most colleges. Although, the writers travelled in the same circle and were both friends of Ralph Waldo Emerson the pair were not friends. In looking at the life and works of the two dynamic literary giants analyzing their common goals, work, and their place in Transcendentalist history will bring more understandingRead MoreMasculinity: Slavery in the United States and Douglass Pg1239 Words   |  5 Pagess and the culture of the Igbo people. The novel is about a man named Okonkwo, and his growth for respect, fortune and power which in the end leads to his expected death. His great power did not come to an end because of colonization, but rather his downfall was his obsession with masculinity. The narrative of Frederick Douglass also defines masculinity. The narrative of Frederick Douglass took place in America. During slavery, F rederick Douglass was limited to plantation work because blacks wereRead MoreLife of a Slave Girl and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1524 Words   |  6 PagesAuthor C.S. Lewis in the Horse and the Boy provided the perfect statement about slavery, â€Å"But one of the worst results of being a slave and being forced to do things is that when there is no one to force you any more you find you have almost lost the power of forcing yourself†. One of the most important aspects of anybody’s life and also thought to be the meaning of life is, for everybody to what they want when they want as long as they are not hurting anybody else. A life spent playing by somebodyRead MoreFDFinalEssay 11578 Words   |  7 Pageson humanity. Ultimately, when a man’s ability surpasses any societal limitations, greed, lust, and pride tempt his morality which usually fails to persist. In his novel, the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Frederic k Douglas reminisces on personal experiences as a slave while concurrently investigating the paradoxical nature of Southern slaveholders. He delves into the mystery of a white man’s ability to suppress another human being while remaining completely ignorantRead MorePresident Abraham Lincoln, Frederick Douglas, and Susan B. Anthony1415 Words   |  6 Pagesownership were established for blacks. Many historical figures defended the rights of those marginalized. Among them President Abraham Lincoln, who instituted the abolition of slavery in 1865 and set the basis for reconstruction in 1862, Frederick Douglas, a former slave who spoke for slaves freedom and after emancipation, for the rights of the newly freed, and Susan B. Anthony, a Quaker abolitionist, whom together with others started the suffrage movement. Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born

A Mixed Type Free Essays

Everybody study hard for being successful in their business lifes. They have to finish their grades to graduate and to play role in business show. There is no need to say it is the matter of earning money for surviving. We will write a custom essay sample on A Mixed Type or any similar topic only for you Order Now But we must also say that it is the rule: the more you work hard the more you earn. We can also say the information era has made the people work harder and learn much more knowledge since two decades. They find themselves in a manner of learning, searching and getting more information while they have to work harder in order to succeed in business life. The word â€Å"businestudentman† is used to describe the people who work while they are studying. So the businestudentman was born in such conditions which had covered his life. Moreover the economic problems are the key effect to the way which make the students to be a businestudentman. The problematic starts with the personal feelings of a businestudentman. He would never classify himself in his whole life as a student nor a worker. Because of his position is being changed in his environmental society he always have to live the diffucilties of this dilemma. This situation often makes him confused while playing his society roles. Acting as a student or as a worker is not properly being applied during this period. For instance, he can not accept an invitation to a gathering after school because of the necessity for going to work. On the contrary he can not find leisure time to play cards with his colleagues during the lunch-break because he must go to school. Especially if he lives in such a beautiful city like Istanbul, he has to work at the afternoons so that he can not attend to a meeting which is arranged by his school friends nearby the Bosphorus in spring months There are also some advantages of being a businestudentman. Taking into his hands of his economical freedom, he has a charming status beyond his schoolmates. He can offer meals to his schoolmates, pay the bills and act as a boss in front of them. Sometimes it would be harmful for his budget but the students like this kind of helpful friends who make them feel better. Also he would be an idol for his friends because of achieving both status. They think there are lots of things to learn from the businestudentman which will be useful for their future. Despite the fact that a businestudentman can not entirely feel and live his both status, having had the determination to be successful in playing both his roles and indispensability of the survival of such competitional challenges, his maintainability takes the most effective part of his personality for the businestudentman. So that he has strong personality with good merit and moral values which make himself as a sample in the society. As in the phrase emphasized â€Å"You can not teach an old dog new tricks†, the businestudentman is like the young dog who finds himself earlier against the diffulties of a man’s life. How to cite A Mixed Type, Papers

Entrepreneurship in International Emerging Markets Levendary Cafe

Question: Discuss about theEntrepreneurship in International Emerging Markets for Levendary Cafe. Answer: Case Summary on Levendary Caf: The China Challenge Levendary Caf is one of the well-known and publicly listed traded brands present in United States and currently expanded into China (Zahra, Newey Li, 2014). This restaurant began with a small shop by offering soup, salad and sandwich that made business around $ 10 Billion. It has been observed that the fundamentals of Levendary Caf are strong as well as performance is in line with management forecasted figures whereby stocks are traded at discount. This restaurant faces threats from slow domestic growth in the current market in China. Addition to that, New CEO lacks the actual international management experience that makes her skeptical in making decisions for the expansion activities. These activities mentioned previously prevent Levendary Caf in making it as a multinational brand in the upcoming financial years (Provasnek et al., 2016). Levendary Caf is one of the multi-unit restaurants that majorly represents 30% of the foodservice industry with generated revenue of $ 600 Billion located in 960000 locations (Simn-Moya et al., 2014). This restaurant is classified under three major segments namely Specialty Establishments as well as Casual Dining and Quick Service Restaurants. Addition to that, Levendary Caf is a hybrid of two-called Quick Casual getting average check ranging $8 to $12. They are differentiated by two elements like wholesome food by way of using high quality ingredients as well as commitment to service in given comfortable and friendly atmosphere (Martn-Rojas, Garca-Morales Bolvar-Ramos, 2013). Levendary Caf entered into fast growing China markets by keeping the US concepts intact. This restaurant aims at changing the store design as well as menu selections in more than 23 newly opened stores located in various cities in and around China (Naldi, Achtenhagen Davidsson, 2015). CEO of Levendary Caf started to view at the China operations for expansion activities in the future. In recent times, China operations have been started and successfully going on for more than 18 months. CEO of the restaurant reported the findings to the US team. In addition, President of Levendary China tries in explaining the adaptation ways in the given environment. It is necessary for nurturing the concepts as well as images on national basis. This restaurant aims at expanding in other countries as well as for bringing strong radical changed environment. This caf should aim at bringing innovative strategies for attainment of future goals and objectives. This will help in expanding their business in Chinese market by understanding their trends, customs as well as lifestyles (Glavas Mathews, 2014). Reference List Glavas, C., Mathews, S. (2014). How international entrepreneurship characteristics influence Internet capabilities for the international business processes of the firm.International Business Review,23(1), 228-245. Martn-Rojas, R., Garca-Morales, V. J., Bolvar-Ramos, M. T. (2013). Influence of technological support, skills and competencies, and learning on corporate entrepreneurship in European technology firms.Technovation,33(12), 417-430. Naldi, L., Achtenhagen, L., Davidsson, P. (2015). International corporate entrepreneurship among SMEs: a test of Stevenson's notion of entrepreneurial management.Journal of Small Business Management,53(3), 780-800. Provasnek, A. K., Schmid, E., Geissler, B., Steiner, G. (2016). Sustainable Corporate Entrepreneurship: Performance and Strategies Toward Innovation.Business Strategy and the Environment. Simn-Moya, V., Revuelto-Taboada, L., Guerrero, R. F. (2014). Institutional and economic drivers of entrepreneurship: An international perspective.Journal of Business Research,67(5), 715-721. Zahra, S. A., Newey, L. R., Li, Y. (2014). On the frontiers: The implications of social entrepreneurship for international entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(1), 137-158.

Should You Accept Guest Posts Pros and Cons of a Guest Post Program

Looking for new ways to shake your blog up and reach new audiences in 2019? A guest post program might be exactly what you need aka. opening your blog to accept guest posts. The pros and cons of starting a guest post programStarting your own guest post program requires a significant commitment of time and energy, especially at the beginning. Like any investment, you need to assess the value of whether you should accept guest posts.We compiled a list of pros and cons based on experiences with our own guest writer program to make this decision an easier one for you.Pros of guest post programsThere are several advantages to bringing guest writers onto your blog:Diversify content – New people bring fresh perspectives and new ideas. If your blog feels stale, another writer (or several) can breathe new life into it.Access new audiences – Every new writer brings an audience with them. It may not always be a large audience, but every new reader counts.Network with up and comin g professionals – Most of the people who submit articles will be newer professionals trying to make a name for themselves. Give them a leg up now and theyll remember you when they find greater success.Bring experts on board – You might already be positioned as an expert in your field, but you know whats better than one expert? Multiple experts. Every expert who writes an article for you lends you some of their authority. It might take a while to get real experts attention, but the right one will provide an incredible boost for your blog.Give your blog the feel of a professional publication – A steady stream of guest writers makes your blog feel more official, helping it blur the lines between blog and magazine. Once youve got enough guest posts you can also increase your publishing frequency.Worry less about content creation – Every article somebody else writes is one you dont have to write yourself. Youll still have to edit for quality control and typos, but thats a lot less work than researching and producing excellent content yourself.Cons of guest post programsOf course, nothings perfect. There are several disadvantages to starting a guest post program as well:You open yourself to more spam –   Mostly in the form of people blindly submitting articles to every single write for us page without paying attention to your guidelines. Every publication deals with this kind of spam. You can eliminate most of it with a good spam filter and a few precautions. Always type at instead of @ when posting your email publicly, and consider using contact forms.The program needs to be promoted – People wont automatically flock to your submission page unless you have a massive audience already. For the first several months youll need to actively market your guest post program.Articles must be vetted – You need to make sure youre only publishing high quality articles. You cant just accept guest posts based on the ideas without reading the actual posts when they come. Everything needs to be edited for clarity and proofread. You can hire somebody else to do this, but you need to make sure it gets done.People dont always follow through – When youre asking somebody to do something for free, it falls below all their paid work on their priority list. Sometimes people will take months to get an article back to you when they promised it in a couple weeks. Sometimes youll never see the article at all. Many bloggers only accept completed articles to avoid this problem.Managing this program can become a full time job – The most successful blogs get thousands of queries every year. If your blog hits this point youll have two choices: hire someone to do it, or close the blog to unsolicited submissions. Otherwise youll spend so much time on your blog that the rest of your business is neglected.The verdict on guest post programsHow much does your blog matter to your business? To you, personally? How much time do you want to invest in it?If your blog is a cornerstone of your business and youre committed to making it successful, a guest post program is a great idea. It will bring new life to your blog and propel you to success faster than publishing alone. Your blog might even cross the line into online magazine once the guest program picks up steam.On the other hand, if your blog exists mostly to keep your website fresh for Google and youre focused on other things, a guest post program might be more trouble than its worth. You may discover that its not worth the effort — but to be honest, I still think you should give it a try. You might be surprised by the results you can get; guest articles work for blogs at almost every level in most industries.Final adviceAll in all, you need to determine the value of a guest post program for your specific blogging needs, but most blogs can benefit from welcoming guests. If youre unsure, consider running a six month pilot program.Not sure what your guest post program should look like? Take a look at the guest post guidelines pages on these sites:Write for ThemeIsleGuest Blogging for KissmetricsDIY MFA Guest Contributor GuidelinesThese pages should give you an idea of what to ask writers for and how to structure your guest post program. To give your guest post experiment the best possible chance of success, add some special perks to attract guest writers to your blog. Once a few of the right people get wind of these benefits, your program will start to promote itself. In the meantime, you may also want to consider hiring freelance writers  to fill out your publishing schedule.What do you think, do you want to give it a try and accept guest posts on your blog? Should you accept guest #posts? The pros and cons of starting a guest post program

Book Titles from Shakespeare

Book Titles from Shakespeare Book Titles from Shakespeare Book Titles from Shakespeare By Maeve Maddox When I was receiving my secondary education in a small Arkansas high school many years ago, every student was expected to study four Shakespeare plays before graduating: Grade 9: Julius Caesar Grade 10: As You Like It Grade 11: Romeo and Juliet Grade 12: Macbeth Our study included the memorization of at least one soliloquy and numerous shorter passages from each play. Most high school students had at least some of these quotations embedded in their brains and uttered them even when teachers werent around. Two favorites were Out, out damned spot, and Wilt thou leave me so unsatisfied? Not surprisingly, writers who grew up when Shakespeare was still an important part of the English curriculum made use of some of these phrases when it came to naming their novels. I wonder what store of title material tomorrows novelists will draw on. Memorization of passages from the plays has been in decline for some time. Ive seen episodes of C.S.I. in which Grissom quotes familiar lines from Macbeth or Julius Caesar and his thirty-something colleagues express amazement at what to them is arcane learning. According to a 2007 survey of 70 universities by the American Council of Trustees and Alumni, only 15 require their English majors to take a course in Shakespeare. Require? I find it difficult to imagine an English major who wouldnt insist on being offered a course in Shakespeare. And Chaucer. And Beowulf. And Latin. But Im a geezer. Heres a criticism I came across on the web. I think its probably a common view these days. †¦Shakespeare is no longer English. It is written in a redundant tongue that nobody uses anymore, and takes quite a bit of concentration to understand. Why are we teaching children in English classes to read something that they will have no use for? These stories are several hundred years old and are no longer relevant linguistically and contextually. It is a new millennium. Shakespeare has enjoyed a 450-year popularity. Maybe it is time to remove his work from the general curriculum. Twelve years of public education do not necessarily equate to what used to be an adult level of literacy. Ive encountered college freshman who thought the writing of George Orwell was couched in a redundant tongue that took quite a bit of concentration to understand. Students who have trouble with Orwell are certainly going to be flummoxed by Shakespeare. Still, writers of the past knew their Shakespeare. Here are some titles drawn from the plays. Can you spot the play that the title comes from? 1. The Moon Is Down, John Steinbeck 2. Gaudy Night, Dorothy Sayers 3. Under the Greenwood Tree, Thomas Hardy 4 And Be a Villain, Rex Stout 5 Something Wicked This Way Comes, Ray Bradbury 6 Pale Fire, Vladimir Nabokov 7 Band of Brothers, Stephen Ambrose 8 The Dogs of War, Frederick Forsyth 9 There is a Tide, Agatha Christie 10 By the Pricking of My Thumbs, Agatha Chrstie 11 Not in Our Stars, M. M. Marshall 12 Chimes at Midnight, Terence White 13 The Mousetrap, Agatha Christie 14 Twice-Told Tales, Nathaniel Hawthorne 15 A Muse of Fire, A.D. Harvey 16 Strange Snow, Steve Metcalfe 17 Walk the Night, Robert C. Reinhart 18 A Plague on Both Your Houses, Robert. W. Whitaker 19 The Sound and the Fury, William Faulkner 20 Dagger of the Mind, Star Trek episode Look for the answers tomorrow. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a SentenceThe Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English AlphabetThe Uses of â€Å"The†

Rising and Falling Intonation in Pronunciation

Rising and Falling Intonation in Pronunciation Use punctuation to help your pronunciation skills by adding a pause after each period, comma, semi-colon or colon. By using punctuation to guide when you pause while reading, you will begin to speak in a more natural manner. Make sure to read the example sentences on this page out loud using the pronunciation tips provided.  Lets look at an example sentence: Im going to visit my friends in Chicago. They have a beautiful house, so Im staying with them for two weeks. In this example, pause after Chicago and house. This will help anyone whos listening to you follow you more easily. On the other hand, if you rush through the periods and commas (and other punctuation marks), your pronunciation will sound unnatural and it will be difficult for listeners to follow your thoughts. Punctuation that marks the end of a sentence also has specific intonation. Intonation means the rising and the lowering of the voice when speaking. In other words, intonation refers to the voice rising and falling. Lets take a look at the different types of intonation used with pronunciation. Asking Questions Follows Two Patterns Rising Voice at the End of a Question If the question is a yes / no question, the voice rises at the end of a question. Do you like living in Portland?Have you lived here a long time?Did you visit your friends last month? Falling Voice at the End of a Question If the question is an information question- in other words, if you are asking a question with where, when, what, which, why, what/which kind of.., and questions with how- let your voice fall at the end of a question. Where are you going to stay on vacation?When did you arrive last night?How long have you lived in this country? Question Tags Question tags are used to either confirm information or to ask for clarification. The intonation is different in each case.   Question Tags to Confirm If you think you know something, but would like to confirm it, let the voice fall in the question tag. You live in Seattle, dont you?This is easy, isnt it?You arent coming to the meeting, are you? Question Tags to Ask for Clarification When using a question tag to clarify, let the voice rise to let the listener know that you expect more information. Peter isnt going to be at the party, is he?You understand your role, dont you?We arent expected to finish the report by Friday, are we? End of Sentences The voice usually falls at the end of sentences. However, when making a short statement with a word that is only one syllable the voice rises to express happiness, shock, approval, etc. Thats great!Im free!I bought a new car. When making a short statement with a word that is more than one syllable (multi-syllabic) the voice falls. Mary is happy.Were married.Theyre exhausted. Commas We also use a specific type of intonation when using commas in a list. Lets take a look at an example: Peter enjoys playing tennis, swimming, hiking, and biking. In this example, the voice rises after each item in the list. For the final item, let the voice fall.  In other words, tennis, swimming, and hiking all rise in intonation. The final activity, biking, falls in intonation. Practice with a few more examples: We bought some jeans, two shirts, a pair of shoes, and an umbrella.Steve wants to go to Paris, Berlin, Florence, and London. Pause After an Introductory Subordinate Clause Subordinate clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. These include because, though, or time expressions such as when, before, by the time, as well as others. You can use a subordinating conjunction to introduce a subordinate clause at the beginning of a sentence, or in the middle of a sentence. When beginning a sentence with a subordinating conjunction (as in this sentence), pause at the end of ​the  introductory subordinating clause. When you read this letter, I will have left you forever.Because its so expensive to travel in Europe, I have decided to go to Mexico for my vacation.Although the test was very hard, I got an A on it.

Provide an argument for the claim that (some) mental states are not Essay - 1

Provide an argument for the claim that (some) mental states are not identical to any brain state - Essay Example Furthermore, it will discuss the relevant concepts in philosophy that will either affirm or negate these suppositions. In order to make this possible, the monist and dualist concepts are also discussed. Some mental states (beliefs) are not identical to any brain state The first argument being focused in this paper is the difference between mental and brain states. As mentioned earlier, these two are different concepts. Many people are confused and often use these two interchangeably. The mental state has a deeper context compared to that of the brain state. This is so because it refers to the state of a person’s thoughts regarding pain or happiness, what a person believes in, and also ideas and aspirations. On the other hand, the brain state refers to the literal condition of the nervous system like a brain activity. According to Adam Sennet (chap. 5), some mental states, like beliefs, are not identical or similar to any brain state. This is because beliefs are not part of any physiological activities of the body particularly inside the brain. the famous philosopher Descartes (qtd. in Carruthers 7) postulated that the mind is not spatial but has the ability to think, while the body is spatial but is unable to think; hence, the body is only capable of biological and physiological activities. ... nd Y are very similar, then they should have the very same attributes, which is not true in the concept of the mind (beliefs) and the body (brain state). Hence, if X and Y have different attributes, they can never be considered as identical. The differences in the mental and brain states include the argument of certainty (Wright). The mind can be certain about pain or desires but the brain cannot be certain about anything because it lacks a logical attribute. There is a great disparity between the mental state and the brain state as clearly stated by this Law. There are, however, some arguments by other philosophers like Carruthers that the Leibniz’ Law does not apply to mental states including beliefs, pains, and desires. He argues that if X and Y are not very similar substances, then X and Y must have the same intrinsic attributes or properties (Carruthers 8). He believes that the mental state does not have a property of belief. Thus, he sticks to his argument that the two s ubstances are very similar because they are one (Wright). The Monist Concept This concept does not hold the proposition that there are two kinds of substances. It holds that there is only one kind of substance and that the brain and the mind are just the same. There are, however, two separate views about this one substance. These are: materialism and idealism (Carruthers 6). Materialism is an idea that all that exists are material or physical, while idealism is an idea which states that all that exists are ultimately mental. These are the two ideas in the Monist concept and there are philosophers who believe on either one or another but not both. The materialist does not believe that there is such a thing as the mental state and so they are similar or identical to absolutely nothing, because

Convicted offenders are sent to prison as punishment not for Essay

Convicted offenders are sent to prison as punishment not for punishment. What implications does this proposition have for an understanding of prisoners' right - Essay Example In placing a criminal in prison there are many effects that will occur (Carrabine, 14). The process of imprisonment is a means of punishment. A prisoner is disallowed freedom and their life is basically controlled by the routine of the total institution. A total institution can be defined as all aspects of life (eating, recreation, etc.) being conducted in the same place under the same authority. As prisons developed and more research was done, prisons became institutions of reform as well as punishment. Prisoners are given jobs to promote responsibility and a sense of independence. This approach is supposed to enable criminals to re-enter society as a "morally better person." There is also an indirect result that has often occurred during imprisonment. Prison is viewed as a violent environment that breeds a "better criminal." By only socializing with negative and deterrent attitudes the prisoner is not rehabilitated but gains criminal views of society. For this reason it is importan t to understand the significance of capital punishment (Cavanagh, 4). Some believe that serious offenders need to be rehabilitated. If they cannot be, some argue that the death penalty should be considered. The purpose and consequences of prison is an important issue. It is necessary to study the effectiveness of prisons as a place of punishment, reform, and violence that in itself breeds new crime (Morgan, 26). A punishment is just if it recognizes the seriousness of the crime. "Let the punishment fit the crime" is a generally accepted and sound precept. In structuring criminal sentences, society must determine what punishment fits the premeditated taking of innocent human life. To be proportionate to the offence of cold-blooded murder, the penalty for such an offence must acknowledge the inviolability of human life. Without a death penalty, the criminal laws penalties will essentially "top out" and will not

Driving Essay Example for Free

Driving Essay Realistically as you start your day it is safe to assume that you have no intentions of being in a head on collision and your vehicle being bashed nor did the person who was nonchalantly steering the car with their knee while texting as they were driving. Ultimately I think everyone will come across at least one irresponsible driver in their lifetime. Most of us are fortunate enough to survive these encounters, however not everyone is that lucky. Reckless drivers endanger and destroy people’s lives and possessions on a daily basis. Various conducts while driving are considered hazardous. Speeding is a very common practice that can lead to a catastrophe. Drivers that speed are engaging in irresponsible and impetuous conduct. It is especially dangerous to speed in residential neighborhoods where children and pets may be playing. Speeding drivers can also be dangerous in neighborhoods where homeowners in their vehicles are entering and exiting their driveways. Driving at an excessive rate of speed is quite common. This practice is especially dangerous when driving through a residential neighborhood or a school zone. Posted speed limits are not meant to be suggestions; ignore them and you run the risk of being stopped and ticketed by police. Driving Too Slow Some drivers fail to take into account the location where they are driving and drive at the same speed on the highway as they do in a residential area. A better strategy is to look at the posted speed limits and adjust your speed accordingly. Many dangerous driving habits are a result of over confidence. Drivers with years of experience sometimes become dangerous drivers because they are over confident with driving their particular vehicle or a particular route between home and work. They are not prepared when something out of the ordinary occurs.

Essay --

Smithsonian Digital Libraries provided various materials for its user which are Databases, Exhibitions and Collections. These materials are very useful to researchers as it provide accurate and reliable information. Besides that, it also provides the collection of online books range from Art, History and Culture. Database is a collection of data to search materials easily. Smithsonian Digital Libraries provides databases such as Taxonomic Literature II which are a selective guide to botanical publications and collections with dates, commentaries and types. In addition, other available database is Smithsonian Research Online that itemized a set of services to the research community both within and outside the Smithsonian Institution. Other examples of databases available are listed as below. †¢ Example of Databases in Smithsonian Digital Libraries: o Taxonomic Literature II o Smithsonian Research Online o Index Animalium o Trade Literature Through exhibitions in Smithsonian Digital Libraries enable users to explore the rich variety of topics, images and materials featured in online exhibition. On the other hand, the current exhibition allows users to view the display of the latest exhibitions as the date and location are being stated. Besides that, National Museum of American History curators created the panel to offer users with reproductions of the world’s greatest pieces such as illustrations from rare books and document from the travelling exhibition column. †¢ Examples of Exhibitions in Smithsonian Digital Libraries: o Online Exhibition o Current Exhibition o Travelling Exhibition o Library and Archival Exhibitions on the Web Smithsonian Digital Libraries range from various type of collection. One of the collections is Caldwe... ...for its users. For educational purposes, user can easily access through the three main type of collection that have been provided. Researchers and scientist are being supply with current periodicals and professional society publications. In addition, with the existence of online books, user will acquire the same information as the printed book. On the other hand, user can also view the exhibition on interesting topic as Smithsonian Digital Libraries offers various type of exhibition such as online and travel exhibition. There are no broken links in this digital library. †¢ Link All the listed hyperlinks in Smithsonian Digital Libraries are well-functioning as it takes user to the accurate information. The link contains in this library were involve only internal link. For example, if user clicks on either one of the link, the tab will be open through the same page.

Free Primary Education in Kenya Essay

Acknowledgement I acknowledge my God for provision of good health, sound mind and in tender caring. I also express the same to my lecturer Mr. Malel for his diligent and industrious work he did to me in the process of writing up the project. I also acknowledge the contributions of my colleagues and my family for the patience and encouragement that they have given me since I begun the project. I also acknowledge the free access to the Kenya National Library Service in Kericho. Dedication I dedicate this report to my Almighty Father for His countless Mercies and Eternal Providence. I also dedicate it to my family, my parents and my children. Abstract The study investigated the statistical relationship between the introduction of FPE and the enrolment of kids in ECD centers. The paper begins by assessing the changes in enrolment prior and after the introduction of FPE in 2002. It then delves into the question of why this happens. The covered Mogogosiek Zone although the findings is relevant for the whole country. The researcher sampled six schools as the sample to represent twenty schools in the zone. The random sample technique was used since all schools are homogeneous. The researcher used questionnaires and observation to collect data in the field. The project is useful for the stakeholders in the ECD sector ranging from school heads to government administrators involved with ECD work. Table of Contents DECLARATION BY CANDIDATEii DECLARATION BY THE SUPERVISORii Acknowledgementiii Dedicationiv Abstractv Abbreviations and Acronymsviii CHAPTER ONE1 Introduction1 1. 1Background of the Problem1 1. 2 Statement of the Problem3 1. 3Objectives of the Study4 1. 4 Purpose of the Study5 1. 5 Justification of the Project6 1. 6 Significance of the Study7 1. 7 Limitations8 1. 8 Delimitations9 CHAPTER TWO10 Literature Review10 2. 1 The effects of the introduction of FPE on enrollment10 2. 2 Factors that have led to low enrolment as a result of introduction of FPE in Kenya13 2. 3 Impact of FPE on enrolment in ECDs16 CHAPTER THREE18 Methodology18 3. 1 Research Design18 3. 2 Location of the Study19 3. 3 Target Population20 3. 4 Sample Population21 3. 5 Sampling Method22 3. 6 Research Instruments23 CHAPTER FOUR24 Data Representation24 4. 1 The Extent to Which ECD Enrolment Declined as a Result Of Introduction of Fpe in the ten Sampled Institutions24. 4. 2 Reasons for the Decline Of ECD Enrolment as a Result Of Introduction Of FPE26 4. 3 Impact of FPE on ECD Enrolment per Economic Class27 CHAPTER FIVE28 Conclusions28 5. 1 The Relationship between the Introduction of FPE and Enrolment in ECDS Attached to Public Primary schools28 5. 2 The Effects of Introduction of FPE on Enrolment in ECDS in Private Primary Schools28 5. 3 Causes for the Low Enrolment of Pupils in Public Primary School ECDS as A Result of Introduction Of FPE. 28 5. 4 Effects of Introduction of FPES on ECD per Economic Class29 APPENDIX A30 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ECD TEACHERS30. APPENDIX B35 BIBLIOGRAPHY35 APPENDIX C36 Work Schedule36 APPENDIX D37 Budget37 APPENDIX D38 Introduction letter38 Abbreviations and Acronyms ECD = Early Childhood Development ECDE = Early Childhood Development and Education. MDG = Millennium Development Goals. UN = United Nations FPE = Free Primary Education. GER=Gross Enrolment Rate is calculated by dividing the number of children of whatever age enrolled in preschool by the estimated number of 3-5 year olds. UNESCO= United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural organization. OECD=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. MOEST=Ministry of Education, Science and Technology CHAPTER ONE Introduction This chapter introduces the research topic. It begins with an introduction followed by a statement of the problem and finally the purpose of the study. 1. 1Background of the Problem As part of his campaign manifesto, President Kibaki introduced the Free Primary Education program in Primary schools. The program was meant to lead to high enrollment of pupils in both primary school and ECD centers in Kenya. The natural corollary was that the ECD enrollment would rise as a result of the introduction of FPE. However, statistics show the contrary. The rate of enrolment in ECD centers has reduced following the introduction of FPE. This shows a negative correlation between enrolment and FPE. This project sought to establish the fact that indeed enrollment in FPE has declined since the introduction of FPE in schools. Paper also sought to give reasons why the rate of enrolment in ECD bears a negative correlation with the FPE funding. This has been a surprise finding given that the aim of the government is to develop education in Kenya holistically. The project also assessed the likely statistical relationship between enrolment in primary and ECD It showed that . the higher the enrolment rate in primary school the lower the enrolment in ECD. This project sought to give reasons for that relationship and provide for suggestions on how the problem can be solved. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem The problem was to study the effects that FPE has had on enrollment in ECDCs. The project also studied the causes of the negative relationship between FPE funding and low enrollment in ECDCs. The problem is that due to the introduction of FPE, pupils have been joining class one without going through the ECD classes. This is a worrying trend as it suggests a low level of preparedness of the pupils in lower primary school. It also points to the need to consider ECD in public funding 1. 3Objectives of the Study The project studied the following objectives: [a] To establish the effect of the introduction of FPE on enrolment in ECDS attached to public primary schools. [b]To establish the effects of the introduction of FPE on enrolment of pupils in ECDS attached to private primary schools. [c] To determine the extent to which enrollment in ECDCs have declined in Mogogosiek zone as a result of the introduction of FPE. [d] To determine the effects of introduction of FPEs on enrolment in ECDS per economic class. 1. 4 Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of the introduction of Free Primary Education on enrolment in ECDs in primary schools in Kenya. 1. 5 Justification of the Project This project is justified on the following grounds. First, little attempt has been made to determine the relationship between the introduction of FPE nationally and enrollment of pupils in ECDs locally. There is also need to determine the causes of the decline in enrolment in ECDs as a result of introduction of FPE. The decline has mostly affected the poor who consist of the most vulnerable group. That the introduction of FPE has negatively affected the poor in terms of taking their children to the ECD has great implications to fighting poverty in the country. It shows that the children of the poor have poor foundation and will most likely perform poorly later in life thereby widening the poverty gap wider still 1. 6 Significance of the Study This study is important because of a number of reasons. First, the government must know the impacts of its funding primary schools or other institutions. The FPE is an integrated development program and it should lead to a holistic development of the education sector in general and not a lopsided development of the country. Secondly, the government will get information on the level of foundational education in rural areas and design effective policies that will aid the state in ensuring high standards of education in ECD and ensure effective transition from ECD to primary school. Thirdly, there is an ongoing pressure on the government to fund the ECD sector in Kenya. This paper is meant to ensure that this goal is attained. Lastly, educational practitioners particularly ECD teachers and administrators will be reminded of the need to ensure a high level of enrolment in ECDs and effective transition to primary schools 1. 7 Limitations During the study, the researchers were limited by the following factors. First and foremost, rural ECD managers were not willing to talk about the low enrolment in ECD centers. They feared that releasing the information would lead to negative publicity. Secondly, most residents were not very open to give information on where their children were learning to outsiders. Thirdly, the county is very large and expansive. It was not very easy for the researchers to travel from one location to another due to poor and rugged terrain. Fourth, most residents have just recovered from the post electoral violence that affected most of the Republic. They are very suspicious of new comers and more so even residents asking questions. They easily take such gestures as police investigations. Fifth, though not least, the researcher was affected by lack of enough funds to carry out an in depth analysis covering the entire zone. Even if funds were availed, there was still the need for more time to carry out the work. The researchers were affected by lack of sufficient time since they are full time teachers who need time to run their institutions apart from conducting research work. The project was also be affected by low literacy rate since most parents are not literate enough to interpret and respond to questionnaires. 1. 8 Delimitations The delimiting factor is that the researchers come from the study location and are highly familiar with the area. Secondly, the researchers being ECD and Primary teachers, have long and extensive experience and contact with ECD and primary school children. They are also conversant the running of ECD centers in the country. Thirdly, the researchers used written questionnaires distributed to schools. This minimized the time needed to move from one institution to another and effectively reduce the time needed to talk with an interviewee. CHAPTER TWO Literature Review 2. 1 The effects of the introduction of FPE on enrollment Many studies have been conducted to ascertain the actual effect of FPE on ECD enrolment. Most of the studies have been conducted by International development Agencies such as USAID and DANIDA. The most comprehensive overview, however, are the studies conducted by UNESCO and approved by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. A UNESCO Policy Review Report, UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project, 2005, hereafter to be referred simply to as the UNESCO report 2005, reports that, ‘A 1969 survey counted about 200,000 children enrolled in 4800 ECD centers with about 5,000 teachers. The number of ECD Centers and teachers have been growing steadily and, after a stalled increase of only 15% between 1993 and 2000, the enrolment ratio leaped by 50% over the next three years. The current (2001/02) GER in preschool is officially 35%, although the Government’s own statistics appear to show a GER of 48% in 1998, falling to 41% in 2002. † Such a report shows a decline in GER in ECD. The year in which the FPE was introduced is 2002. Therefore, changes occurring between 2001 and 2002 truly indicate effects of FPE on enrolment. A UNESCO Policy brief on Early Childhood entitled the Impacts of Free Primary Education on Early Childhood Development in Kenya, Jan. to Feb. 2006, by Yoshie Kaga, claims that the overall effect of FPE has been the reduction of enrollment in ECD. Here is an excerpt from the report, â€Å"Studies have been conducted to assess the effects of FPE on ECD centers. Some report on negative effects, while others note no major draw backs. While the overall impact of the policy is yet to be determined, the UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Mission, which took place in September 2004, observed that the policy did have a negative impact of FPE on ECD in Kenya and outline two major options that may mitigate possible negative impact. † EFA Global Monitoring report, 2005, UNESCO Publishing reports that the gross enrollment rate for the age group 3 to 5 was 44. 4% in 2001. However, the theory that enrollment rates declined as a result of the introduction of FPEs is not automatically to be accepted. Some reports indicate that the GER increased as a result of the introduction of FPE. The UNESCO/OECD Report, 2005, reports in item number 3. 4. 1, â€Å"The Background Report of Kenya shows that, while enrollment increased substantially from 1,076,606 to 1,281,846 between 1998 and 2002. A closer look at the figures, however, suggests two rather disturbing trends. First, GER’s in preschool have clearly declined since 1998 from 48% to 41%, and the major overall decline took place between 1998 and 1999 before the FPE option arose. In fact, a small increase occurred from 2002 to 2003, after FPE was introduced in January 2003. Second, while he 1998 GER was about the same for boys and girls, a gap of about 4% in favor of boys opened up in 2001 and grew to 6% in 2002. â€Å" The figures in the above report are not the same as other documents. According to the Quantitative Study of the Early Childhood Development Project : Final report to MOEST statistics, the 2002 figure is 1,416,048 and not 1,281,846. These dissenting views and conflicting figures show that the inverse relationship between FPE and ECD needs to be verified by qualified actuarial review. The extent of the relationship may need other factors to explain other than the factors stated above. 2. 2 Factors that have led to low enrolment as a result of introduction of FPE in Kenya Many workers have tried to give reasons for the decline in ECD enrolment as a result of the introduction of FPE. However, these are not in the form of complex scientific theories. The UNESCO Policy Brief on Early Childhood is one such document. It explains the phenomenon in the following terms, â€Å"The main reason for this phenomenon is that since the implementation of FPE, poor parents are choosing to withdraw their children from ECD centers and/or keep them at home until they reach the age of primary school entry. They refuse to pay the fees for ECD on the grounds that ECD, lie primary education, should be free. † However, this assertion needs to be corroborated by more extensive scientific studies on the causes of the inverse relationship. Economic theories may help to describe the situation better. According to Ricardian analysis, low cost items such as table salt are already sold cheaply and are therefore associated with poor sections of the population. If the price of salt, for example is reduced further, it becomes too cheap and the buyers may shift for more costly brand of salt. This theory seems to hold true for the ECDs in rural areas of Kenya. They are considered very cheap. Due to government subsidy, the parents may actually feel that the quality of primary education in public primary schools will decline. They see children who have been idle at home, such as street children being brought to school. This makes them to hate public school education and instead opt for the costly private schools. As a basic strategy, they decide to enrol their children in private ECDs with the reasoning that by the time the child enters primary school, he or she will have laid a strong foundation in ECDE. The UNESCO/OECD Report in section 3. 3. 5. Reports that, â€Å"Meanwhile, an assessment study of FPE on ECD carried out jointly by the MOEST and UNESCO in February 2004 found that ECD programmes had almost collapsed because children’s enrolment had decreased after the introduction of FPE. The study found that parents opted to send their children straight to standard one, which became free, without having them go through ECD, which was still fees paying. Moreover, Standard one teacher reported that children who skipped ECD had difficulty coping with lessons in primary school and poorly performed. † Section 3. 3. 4 reports that, â€Å"The Review Team found widespread anecdotal evidence of drops in enrolment at ECD centres, especially in poor provinces such as North Eastern†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ many parents have by passed ECD altogether ; many others send their children only to pre-unit class of ECD to prepare them for primary school. In some areas, parents are keeping their children at home until they reach the age of 6 entitling them to free education. † Yet other factors have been suggested by the UNESCO Policy Briefs on ECD. Calling it the unintended consequence on ECD, the report went on to report that, â€Å"ECD classrooms set up on the premises of public primary schools have been shut down in order to accommodate the surge of enrolment in primary schools sparked by FPE. In some cases, ECD children and teachers must put up with reduced space; in others, they have been moved to the worst classrooms in the premises. At the district level, inspection and supervision of ECD centres some of which is carried out by the district based Zonal Inspector of schools, have reportedly become less frequent. † The UNESCO/OECD report presents a critique of the situation thus: ‘Despite these observations, the impact of FPE on ECD is still subject to dispute. For example, it is unclear whether FPE has been the main cause of falling ECD enrolments, given the evidence that the decline may well have begun well before the introduction of the policy. Also, it is yet to be determined how many of the unprepared pupils newly flowing into standard one would have gone to ECD centres if FPE had not been in place. The influx could simply be explained by a rising enrolment of at risk children who would not have been able to afford primary education when it was fee paying, let alone ECD centres. 2. 3 Impact of FPE on enrolment in ECDs There is an indication that poverty may be a great factor determining patterns of enrolment in ECDs. The UNESCO/OECD Report 2005, reports in section 3. 3. 8. Suggest that there is no direct relationship between FPE and ECD. Otherwise, such relationship could exist between FPE and other factors that mitigate leading to low enrolment. The paper points at poverty as one of the factors that lead to low enrolment as a result of the introduction of FPE. Section 3. 4. 3 on inequalities in the same report shows that, â€Å"There are obvious geographical inequalities. In Nairobi, for instance, far more children are likely to be enrolled in ECD than in other provinces with similar poverty levels. Meanwhile, North Eastern Province has the highest poverty level and the lowest enrolment rates. There are also gender disparities. In Nairobi, girls are more likely to be enrolled whereas in North Eastern province, the reverse is observed. ‘The report claims that the poor are generally not able to access ECD services. â€Å"Even within Nairobi, middle and upper class children benefit most from preschool experiences. Overall, those lacking access to preschool services tend to be children from disadvantages communities such as semi arid and arid areas and urban slums. This observation is reinforced by the findings of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. (UNICEF/Government Survey, 2000) showing that 29. 5% of children whose mothers had secondary education were enrolled in some form of ECD compared to 10. 7% of those whose mothers had only completed primary school and 12. 4% of 2002 of those whose mothers had no schooling. There is also a clear association between GERs in 1998 and 2002 and the absolute poverty index (1997) at the district level, with eight of the ten correlations being negative and statistically significant though not very large. ’ The table below was meant to encapsulate the correlation between poverty index and Ger at district level. If these reports are anything to go by, the researcher expects to find the decline in ECD enrolment to affect mainly the public ECD centres as opposed to the private ECD units. | 1998| 1999| 2000| 2001| 2002| Boys| -0. 355| -0. 252| +0. 145| -0. 096| -0. 271| Girls| +0. 007| -0. 287| -0. 272| -0. 048| -0. 290| Correlations between poverty index (1997) and GERs at District Level Ref: Kenya Human development report (2001). UNDP/Background Report of Kenya for the UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project (2005). MOEST , Govt of Kenya. Statistically significant p is less than 0. 05. The researcher will therefore study the impacts of socio economic status on enrolment in ECD centres. CHAPTER THREE Methodology 3. 1 Research Design The researcher adopted the diagnostic research design. According to Kothari, diagnostic research studies are necessary to establish causality and causal nexus of two or three phenomena. The diagnostic research design was be inevitable as the researcher was needed to establish causality among variables: school enrolment and enrolment. 3. 2 Location of the Study. The study was carried out in Konoin District, Mogogosiek Zone. It targeted three schoo 3. 3 Target Population The study targeted ECD children, ECD teachers and primary school Head Teachers in Early Childhood Development centres. 3. 4 Sample Population The study sampled ten schools from a total of twenty two in Mogogosiek Zone, Konoin District, Bomet County. 3. 5 Sampling Method The researcher used simple stratified sampling. The listed schools were classified as boarding and day schools. Two schools were picked from private and three schools will be picked from day public schools category. The proportion was used since there are only 1 out of 5 boarding schools in the zone 3. 6 Research Instruments The researcher used questionnaires and study schedules as the basic research instruments. The questionnaires will be designed and tested on a school that is not part of the samples. The test will enable the researchers to determine the efficacy of the questionnaire. The researcher then wrote to the heads of the sampled schools seeking permission to conduct research in their institutions. The researcher sampled three schools representing all types of primary schools in the study locale. CHAPTER FOUR Data Representation 4. 1 The Extent to Which ECD Enrolment Declined as a Result Of Introduction of Fpe in the ten Sampled Institutions The researcher studied the data from ten schools relating to the rate of enrolment just before and after the introduction of FPE. The results were as under: SCHOOL| ECD ENROLMENT IN 2000| ECD ENRLMENT IN 2001| ECD ENROLMENT IN 2002| ECD ENROLMENT IN 2003| 1| 51| 50| 53| 43| 2| 48| 47| 53| 44| 3| 67| 69| 71| 58| A| 41| 43| 44| 61| B| 47| 52| 51| 58| The graph below depicts these data. The results show that there was a general trend for the enrolment in ECD in public primary schools to decline in the year following the introduction of FPE in 2002. There was increase of the number of pupils enrolling in ECDs manned by private schools following the introduction of FPE. 4. 2 Reasons for the Decline Of ECD Enrolment as a Result Of Introduction Of FPE The researcher sought to establish the causes of declined enrolment in public ECDs following the introduction of FPE in 2002. The following responses were established. REASON GIVEN| % OF RESPONDENTS| | Fear of low quality due to high enrolment in class| 44%| | Fear of poor foundation in public ECDs| 23%| | Need to give children good ECD foundation before joining private ECDs| 76%| | Decline in the status of public ECDs| 39%| | Demand for free education in class one | 17%| | These data show that most parents preferred private school ECDs to public school ECDs due to the reasons above: fear that the free primary education would lead to high enrolment hence low quality of education; the fear that the public school ECDs were not preparing pupils adequately for primary  school education; need to children good ECD foundation and the decline of the status of public school ECD. This was aggravated by the introduction of street boys enrolling in public primary schools. 17% wished to get free education in class one hence skips the ECD class in order to achieve this. 4. 3 Impact of FPE on ECD Enrolment per Economic Class The researcher sought to establish the effects that the introduction of FPE has led to decreased enrolment in ECD by economic class. She studied the composition of ten pupils in each sampled school to determine their economic class. It is found that most of the high class parents of course send their children to schools A to D. However, the following statistics relate to the composition of the pupils in the ECDs attached to public primary schools. The parents were classified as either poor [earning less than 3000 per month] or average [earning between 3001 and 6000] per month. The statistics below show the effect that the introduction of FPE affected the composition of pupils enrolling in public school ECDs. SCHOOL| POOR| AVERAGE| LOWER MIDDLE| 1| 88%| 8%| 4%| 2| 78%| 9%| 13%| 3| 91%| 5%| 4%| CHAPTER FIVE. Conclusions 5. 1 The Relationship between the Introduction of FPE and Enrolment in ECDS Attached to Public Primary schools The study established that there is a negative relationship between the introduction of FPE and the enrolment in ECD centres in ECDs attached to public primary schools. The introduction of FPE led to reduced enrolment in primary schools in these schools. 5. 2 The Effects of Introduction of FPE on Enrolment in ECDS in Private Primary Schools The study established that the introduction of FPE in 2002 led to increased enrolment in ECDS in private primary school 5. 3 Causes for the Low Enrolment of Pupils in Public Primary School ECDS as A Result of Introduction Of FPE. The study established that the introduction of FPEs led to low enrolment in ECDS in public primary schools due to the following reasons: First, most parents feared that the admission of many pupils in primary schools will lead to low quality of education. They therefore sought to enrol their children in private institutions to escape from the low quality education to be experienced in public primary schools. Secondly, the parents associated the introduction of FPE in public primary schools to low prestige. The poor class could now take their children to school. This was not possible before. Those in the average class sought to take their children to better schools in order to maintain their status ahead of the poor class. Thirdly, the introduction of free education in primary school led to the poor class parents taking their children direct to class one in order to escape the fees paid in ECD and directly benefit from the FPE program 5. 4 Effects of Introduction of FPES on ECD per Economic Class. The introduction of FPE led to decline in the number of the children of the economically poor members of the community as compared to the middle class and the rich who continued to take their children to private school ECDs. APPENDIX A Questionnaire for ECD Teachers This questionnaire is part of a research project carried out by the researcher in partial fulfilment for award of the Diploma in ECD. The information obtained will be used for academic purposes only and will not be divulged to third parties. PART ONE General Information 1. Number of Years You have worked in the station:____________________ Current position held:_______________ 2. Kindly give the pupils enrolment in your class by filling the form below: YEAR| BOYS| GIRLS| TOTAL| STREAMS| 2002| | | | | 2003| | | | | 2004| | | | | 2005| | | | | 2006| | | | | 2007| | | | | 2008| | | | | 2009| | | | | 2010| | | | | 2011| | | | | 3. Who pays for your wages? Parents NGO County Council 4. Who collects the fees? Heat Teacher Pre-School Teacher 5. How is the fee collected if parents fail to pay? Sending pupils Teachers visiting parents 6. How are you paid your wages? Monthly Quarterly 7. Are parents willing to pay school fees? Yes No 8. Is the fees paid enough for your wages? Yes No 9. Are defaulters of fees common? Yes No 10. If yes, what reason do they give for defaulting? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 11. Are head teachers supportive in dealing with defaulters? Yes No 12. ————————————————- What is your suggestion to the government in relation to free primary education and the way it affects preschool parents? ————————————————- ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 13. Briefly give the age range of the pupils in your current class. SEX| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| BOYS| | | | | | | | GIRLS| | | | | | | | TOTAL| | | | | | | | 14. Briefly give the range of pupils in 2003 class. SEX| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| BOYS| | | | | | | | GIRLS| | | | | | | | TOTAL| | | | | | | | 15. In your opinion, has the entry age changed since introduction of FPE? Yes No 16. Do your pre school classes have a committee? Yes No 17. How often are parents meetings held? Once a term. Once a year. 18. Do you keep financial records of fees collected? Yes No 19. If yes, how many pupils failed to complete fees in the previous year ? _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Thank you very much for responding to questionnaire truthfully and for being mindful of our research. God bless you. APPENDIX B. Bibliography 1. Economics Simplified, 2009, Saleemi Publications, Kenya. 2. EFA Global Monitoring Report(2004). New York: UNDP. S 3. MOEST, Government of Kenya,2005, Background report of Kenya for the UNESCO/OECD Early Chidhood Policy Review Project, Government of Kenya. 4. Ngwere M. W. et al (2004). Quantitative Study of the Kenya Early Childhood Development Project, final report to the MOEST, June 2004. Nakuru: Sermon educational Consultants. 5. UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project, Policy Review Report: Early Childhood Care and Education in Kenya, by UNESCO, Paris, February, 2005. 6. Yoshie Kaga, 2006,UNESCO Policy Brief on Early Childhood, Impacts of Free Primary Education o Early Childhood development in Kenya, Paris. APPENDIX C Work Schedule MONTH | YEAR| ACTIVITY TO BE DONE| December | 2010| Preparation for the research proposal and budgeting| January-March| 2011| Writing of the proposal| April| 2011| Approval for the proposal| May| 2011| Compiling and revising of the research proposal| June-July| 2011| Collection of the data| August| 2011| Analyzing of the data| September-December| 2011| Compiling and presenting the final project. | APPENDIX D Budget. ACTIVITY| PLACE/ITEM/USE| AMOUNT KSH| Travelling | For Literature review during data collection while typing and compiling the project. | 5001,5002,000| Stationery| Papers, pens, ruler, books, foolscaps, stapler, paper bunches | 2,000| Typing/photocopying | Research proposal and final project. | 3,500| Food| Lunch, tea break, snacks| 1,500| Miscellaneous Expenses| Emergencies| 2,500| TOTAL| | 13,500| APPENDIX D Introduction letter CHEBET JOYCE, KIRIMOSE PRIMARY SCHOOL, P. O BOX 174 , LITEIN. 25TH JUNE 2011. TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN Dear Sir/Madam, REF: PERMISSION TO CONDUCT RESEARCH IN MOGOGOSIEK ZONE. I wish to seek for permission to conduct a research in your pre-school centre on THE EFFECTS OF INTRODUCTION OF FREE PRIMARY EDUCATION PROGRAM ON ENROLMENT IN ECD CENTERS in MOGOGOSIEK zone. I am a Diploma Student at Valley Teachers Training College The Kenya National Examination Council is requiring a research as part of examination from me. I am therefore required to collect data from your E. C. D. E teachers, parents, and head teachers of the selected school. I look forward for your positive respond. Thanks in advance Yours Faithfully Chebet Joyce.

My words of Wisdom

My Words of Wisdom We are all human beings who need to live together on the same earth, but different environments have different characteristics that can help us achieve goals. Some of us like to stay in the safe zone and enjoy the tranquil moments; some of us like to conquer the Nonverbal of our imagination and enjoy exciting moments; some of us with creative spirits enjoy taking extraordinary journeys. No matter which type of life we choose or which type characteristics we have, challenge always acts as a naughty kid, who hides in he corner and makes us either scream and run away or smile and embrace him as a friend.Lee Perry said, â€Å"You can do what you think you can do, so think you can do it, and do it. † The image math gave to me is a weirdo model consisting of a digital compiled body covered by parabola hair send out flashing radical signals once in a while. The model's circular face is embedded with lonely points for eyes and a logical expression that IS dry and wi thout tedious emotions. When we draw close to it, we feel like we are lost in a barren dessert. There we step into a sea of sand, dazed by the mirages of different types of questions which make us flounder hopelessly to find our direction.Although our survival desire is strong, we are too often too lethargic to stand up and confront our delusions of grandeur. Every time when I attended math class, I was scared to step into the classroom. Why? Not all Asians are geniuses at math; at least I am the one who is not. The math terminology spoken out from the math teacher was an alien language that blew through my ears and left a breeze in my brain but no knowledge manned. The problem or test I got from the math class was like a blank puzzle, but had no idea how to solve it.I finally find the way to solve this problem. I realized that there was no way that I could solve this problem or test; so I quit. Coming to the U. S. Gave me a second chance to retake the math, and I appreciate this ch ance. With a speeding heartbeat, I walked into my first math class (MAT 120) at MAC. In my mind, felt a bunch of questions swirling like a whirlwind around in my brain. I imagined that I heard a devil's choice shouting out with a contemptuous laugh, â€Å"You think you will understand the math in English?There's no way! † In my deepest mind, a voice burst out like a volcano, and the energy flowed into every cell of my body: â€Å"In the future, do not look back and view your life with regret; do the best you can now so that you can look forward to a promising future. † â€Å"Challenge accepted! † I told myself. Every class when I listen to the lesson, my ears start to translate the instructor's words, and save information into my memory area. I do not skip the difficult problems.I read the book to understand the examples, ask friends, teachers, and tutors questions about what I do not fully understand to help me boost my knowledge. Spend whole afternoons working with tutors and studying in the math center to finish my homework. Gradually, the way American instructors teach me becomes like a sparkling rope that guides me in the right direction as take the long, dark journey to conquer math. The method that tutors taught me like a sword of wisdom to help me eliminate the math enemies. I realize that I enjoy the moment when my pen writes out the right answers to problems.I enjoy seeing those numbers dance with cheerful rhythm to celebrate their lively show in the realistic world. In that moment, I know that I have learned how to treat math as a part of my life, not a weirdo model that I am scared to touch. When I received the highest score after finishing my first math class at MAC, I was crying and laughing. The complex emotions I felt were like a salad mixed with different ingredients, full of sweet, sour, spicy, and bitter tastes. Challenges are monsters if people are too scared to confront them and convert them onto allies.Challenges are only fortunate if people embrace them as they are, accept the responsibility to grow to deserve them, and dedicate themselves to making them a vibrant part of their lives. Then, in old age, people can look back upon their lives and see how the path that they have taken has led them upward to a mountain top. From this summit, they can view the distant valleys and say to themselves, â€Å"l have followed a good path, have kept the Way, and I have achieved my goals. I have lived a good life. Now, look forward to my next challenge. †

Iraq War essays

Iraq War essays Friday-January 16, 2004- 4:00p.m: I was watching 'Oprah' and a particular story struck me. It was about these young brides in India who were being burned alive by their husbands because they have become a burden. Before these women are married off, their husbands receive dowries from the bride's family, when the family can no longer meet up with his demands-he sets his wife on fire, in hopes of her dying, and he will eventually marry another bride and obtain more dowry. These women are shun from society and are nothing but worthless beings-they become silent voiceless shadows. This happens to thousands of women everyday. It is the power behind such stories that makes me ponder and become more aware about this world. Similarly the literature of Vietnam has been an eye opener and a gravedigger, opening up my eyes to what happened in Nam and exposing the bones left behind in the stories. It has given me another view of the Iraq War. Human nature can be hard to alter; whether it' s a soldier from Vietnam or a soldier involved in Iraq they share a similar state of mind. In The Things They Carried Tim O' Brien describes the 'Night Life' of the soldiers. In particular there is a story about the gradual mental break down of Rat Kiley. "He couldn't sleep during the hot day light hours; he couldn't cope with the nights." (p.222) As time progressed the war was definitely getting to him: "the days aren't so bad, but at night the pictures get to be a bitch. I start seeing my own body. Chunks of myself...I can see the goddamn bugs chewing tunnels through me...it's too much. I can't keep seeing myself dead."(p.223) In the end the only way for Kiley to escape was to shoot himself in the leg and get picked up by the choppers. The effect of war is no different on the mentality of a soldier serving in Iraq. The war slowly consumes the mind, body, and most deadly the soul. Once it starts to eat away it leaves a permanent scar. ...

How Drinking Bleach Can Kill You

How Drinking Bleach Can Kill You Household bleach has many uses. Its good for removing stains and disinfecting surfaces. Adding bleach to water is an effective way to make it safe to use as drinking water. However, theres a reason there is a poison symbol on bleach containers and a warning to keep them away from children and pets. Drinking undiluted bleach can kill you. What Is in Bleach? Ordinary household bleach sold in gallon jugs (e.g., Clorox)  is 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in water. Additional chemicals may be added, especially if the bleach is scented. Some formulations of bleach are sold containing a lower concentration of sodium hypochlorite. Additionally, there are other types of bleaching agents. Bleach has a shelf life, so the exact amount of sodium hypochlorite depends largely on how old the product is and whether it has been opened and sealed properly. Because bleach is so reactive, it undergoes a chemical reaction with air, so the concentration of sodium hypochlorite goes down over time. What Happens If You Drink Bleach Sodium hypochlorite removes stains and disinfects because it is an oxidizing agent. If you inhale the vapors or ingest bleach, it oxidizes your tissues. Mild exposure from inhalation can result in stinging eyes,  a burning throat, and coughing. Because it is corrosive, touching bleach can cause chemical burns on your hands unless you wash it off immediately. If you drink bleach, it oxidizes or burns tissues in your mouth, esophagus, and stomach. According to the National Institutes of Health, it can cause nausea, chest pain, lowered blood pressure, delirium, coma, and potentially death. What Should You Do If Someone Drinks Bleach? If you suspect someone has ingested bleach, contact Poison Control immediately. One possible effect from drinking bleach is vomiting, but it is not advisable to induce vomiting because this can cause additional irritation and damage to tissue and may put the person at risk of aspirating bleach into the lungs. First aid typically includes giving the affected person water or milk to dilute the chemical. Note that highly diluted bleach can be another matter entirely. It is common practice to add a small amount of bleach to water to make it potable. The concentration is enough that the water has a slight chlorine (swimming pool) smell and taste and it may lead to a slightly upset stomach, but it should not cause burning or difficulty swallowing. If it does, the concentration of bleach very likely is too high. Avoid adding bleach to water that contains acids, such as vinegar. The reaction between bleach and vinegar, even in a diluted solution, releases irritating and potentially dangerous chlorine and chloramine vapors. If immediate first aid is administered, most people recover from drinking bleach (sodium hypochlorite poisoning). However, the risk of chemical burns, permanent damage, and even death are present. How Much Bleach Is Okay to Drink? According to the U.S. EPA, drinking water should contain no more than 4 ppm (parts per million) chlorine. Municipal water supplies commonly deliver between 0.2 and 0.5 ppm chlorine. When bleach is added to water for emergency disinfection, it is highly diluted. Suggested dilution ranges from the Centers for Disease Control are 8 drops of bleach per gallon of clear water up to 16 drops per gallon of cloudy water. Can You Drink Bleach to Pass a Drug Test? There are all kinds of rumors about ways you can beat a drug test. Obviously, the easiest way to pass the test is to avoid taking drugs in the first place, but thats not going to be much help if youve already taken something and are facing a test. Clorox  says their bleach contains water, sodium hypochlorite,  sodium chloride,  sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and sodium polyacrylate. They also make scented products that include fragrances. Bleach also contains small amounts of impurities, which arent a big deal when youre using the product for disinfection or cleaning  but could prove  toxic if ingested.  None of these ingredients binds to drugs or their metabolites or inactivates them such that you would test negative on a drug test. Bottom Line: Drinking bleach wont help you pass a drug test and may make you sick or dead.

Egoism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Egoism - Essay Example Ethical egoism relate to selfishness since it focuses on people who are self-centered. These people think of themselves before they take any action of assisting others. They focus on the result if it favors their cause of action or not. It is also true to say that those people who are willing to help must think of themselves in whichever way. Such people are always cautious; it is always their wish not to harm other people. These kinds of people are very honest since they always thrive to avoid lying. They really value a good reputation and that is why they will always ensure that they maintain it. On the other hand, these people seek to gain trust from other people as much as they need to trust other people. They also ensure that they keep promises once they commit themselves, for this reason they continue keeping the mutual relationship that existed with their friends. There is human being who does not love and appreciate him or herself. This theory provides that people need to love and appreciate themselves before they can get to assist other people. This love for oneself helps to boost the self-confidence and esteem. It portrays how people always love to be on the winning side. On the other hand, Altruism describes people who are willing to go an extra mile to help other people. Although it is widely believed that human beings have the self-interest recent studies has contradicted this fact by arguing that human beings tend to cooperate before they compete. It is through this cooperation and the helping nature of human beings that has made it possible for the people to survive. Indeed, altruism is a fundamental aspect of social instincts. Apparently, although human beings are not entirely altruistic, they have a tendency of feeling compassion to the needy. It is always a challenge to find the better side of human beings (Christians, 2009). The reasons that suggest why we should practice altruism evidently provide the reason why altruism is as result of